The History of Cotton Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The History of Cotton - Literature review Example The plant has a leafy green shrub that has pink flowers that become the fruit or cotton balls. The cotton plant has deep roots, which go deep into the soil about 1.5 and is drought resistant but requires constant adequate moisture supply to produce healthy balls (Williams, Bolton & Moneyhon, 2013). Cotton is the most commonly used fiber in the manufacture of products regularly used such as the jeans pants, T-shirts, towels and shirts (Riello, 2013). The fiber from the cotton wool is transformed into yarn and fabric while seeds broken to oil and animal feeds and mulching purposes. The unprocessed form of the fiber is known as the lint. The lint exists within the fruit of the cotton plant or the ball and within each ball are around 30 seeds of cotton with numerous lint fibers connected to each seed. The fiber is protected within the ball until it ripens and breaks up. The word cotton originated from an Arabic word quantum or kutum referring to soft textiles. It is one of the oldest fibers ever. The archeologists discovered the cotton fabric 5000 years old at Mohenjo-Daro an ancient Indus River valley of West Pakistan and the same Egypt and Mexico. Cotton grew wildly in East Africa but first cultivation in Pakistan where it was used for the clothing purposes and binding on sandals and harnesses for elephants (Parker & Parker, 2012). Cotton has its origin from many countries globally, for instance, India where the fine quality cotton fabric originated making India the leading producer and exporter of cotton materials since 1500 BC until the end of the 15th century AD. The other countries, which started the cotton production after India, were China, Japan, and the Middle East. In America, Christopher Columbus began growing cotton in the early 17th century. However, the southern American colonies began producing cotton and manufacturing coarse clothing for their use. Â  

Definition, Process And Classification Essay Example for Free

Definition, Process And Classification Essay Each topic of discourse has the limits of information and resources and the key words intrinsic to understanding the trend of information espoused in the context. There are borders that clearly define this limit, and set processes that order the outlined thoughts or ideas into steps or stages inevitable in appreciating the message of discussion. To achieve this, there are important tools, which can be harnessed: definition, classification and processes. The definition is the succinct introduction of the topic that clearly defines the limits or extent of resources the topic covers. It gives a synopsis of the details that topic entails, releases the clue to understanding such details and hints on the process at achieving the latter. It includes the key words intrinsic to the issues of concern. In brief, this kick starts the engine. One should not make the mistake of referring this to just a word. It is the important concepts that are clearly defined for clarity of thought process. Beyond the definition, one realizes there are details for espousing the ideas associated with the topic. These details are enormous but the important must be highlighted. Process includes the method that explores the specific details, eliminates irrelevances and puts the issue in a right perspective. Alongside the definition and process through which data is obtained, analyzed and processed into useful information, the latter is classified into segments ion such a way that the topic is open for understanding, and further exposition. Classification ensures that boundaries are clearly defined; and provides a systematic approach for build up of comprehension. This implies that by appropriately classifying the available information on the topic of discourse, knowledge into built into interwoven segments and not set apart as mutually exclusive entities. It greatly enriches the significance of topic. These methods, definition, processing and classification, link the topic to existing information and ensure it is useful in the future.

Essay --

Faith healing is an unbelievable phenomenon where diseases and medical conditions are cured solely through spiritual means. First demonstrated by Jesus Christ, many modern day faith healers claim they can heal any disease and offer their services as an alternative to modern-day medical treatment. There have been many displays of this faith healing over the years, but it’s a controversial topic that has many people for and against. There are many self professed faith healers in the world today. Some of them are famous and ridiculously rich, some are the opposite, but they all claim to have some sort of supernatural power capable of healing through faith alone. It’s the exact opposite of medical treatment and is hard to prove, but cases of cures are being reported often. For example, the Healing Rooms Ministry of Bethel Church in Redding, California have pages of testimonials of people claiming to be healed of things such as broken bones and cancer. But how is it possible to know whether these stories have been fabricated or not? How is it possible to know to what extent the faith healing actually had an effect on the cure. It isn’t possible. What often happens in these faith healing situations is what is called the placebo effect. People go into it expecting to be cured, and may end up no longer feeling the effects of their disease after being â€Å"healed†. The problem with this is the fallacial reasoning, whereby the participant affirms the consequent and also gets caught up in a post hoc, ergo propter hoc. The participant uses the faith healing method, and then if they get better they will assume that it was because of the faith healing and not any natural process or other medical treatment they may have received. There are many log... .... Putting the beliefs behind it aside, though, many groups and organisations have offered cash incentives for cured victims of particular faith healers to publicly come forward, but no-one ever has. Furthermore, previously mentioned James Randi has had a cash prize of one million dollars for anyone who can prove that they have supernatural powers to him. He has been offering this award for many years, but has not needed to pay up even once to date. Faith healing is something that many people have experienced, through themselves or a loved one, and some will speak only good of it, but many will argue the opposite. Despite the relatively large number of positive testimonials, faith healers have a bad track record, and as much as it would be nice for it to be at least somewhat reasonable, there is no solid or scientific evidence whatsoever to suggest that is the case.

A Question of Authorship Essay

For the past five decades, the world of literature has come to venerate the great works of one man. The tremendous contribution of Shakespeare in Literature remains unparalleled. The sheer volume of the plays and sonnets he had written remain unmet, and the quality of its art remains unmatched. So much so, that there is probably no one inhabiting this earth who hasn’t the knowledge of the great writer. No one graduates from school without having the experience of Shakespeare in their education: his plays are celebrated through staging and his works are the subject of study in, and even outside of, Literature classes. Also, the celebration of Shakespeare and his works are not limited to the confines of education. Theatrical companies earn a sizeable proportion of their profits in staging Shakespeare’s five-century old works. Publishing companies benefit largely in the millions of hardbound copies they have printed of Shakespeare’s works, and the literature he and his works have inspired. With the picture that has been painted, we can see how influential and how big a pillar Shakespeare is in Literature. However, with the exception of literary scholars, not many people are aware of the issue that has surrounded Shakespeare’s authorship of the works that have been claimed to be his since the time man can remember. William Shakespeare of Stratford has always been regarded as the man who wrote the immortal plays and sonnets. But ever since speculations have started to arise, various names have also mushroomed through the investigations of scholars who claim that these names are the ones which we should be celebrating, and not that of the businessman William Shakespeare of Stratford. The speculations started when Alexander Pope brought to the attention of readers the authenticity of the attribution to Shakespeare in a number of his works. Pope attacked Shakespeare’s on the genuineness of works that had been excluded from the 1623 Folio, a collection of Shakespeare’s most compelling works. His criticisms made in the 17th century continued to influence the generations that followed with respect to their opinion on the matter. Primarily though, what has unsettled critics are the dissonance in his the experiences and education received by a theater man in Stratford and the quality and content of the works he allegedly produced, as stated by one source, â€Å"The work attributed to Shakespeare shows a knowledge of geography, foreign language, politics, and an immense vocabulary that many find inconsistent with what’s known about Shakespeare’s education,† (Lanciai). Authorship Majority of the investigations were done through a historical point of view. If we take a look back in history during the time Shakespeare wrote his plays, we would find out how authorship was perceived as insignificant, even illegitimate, in the writing of the book. According to another source, traditional narratives that present the Middle Ages as a ‘golden age’ of forgery for which questions of authorship and authenticity were unimportant (King). What triggered this was the inability of novice writers (especially people of rank) to publish their own name in their works under the regime of Queen Elizabeth. â€Å"A gentleman of rank could not publish under his own name lest he be suspected of having a profession†. This policy was followed, and writers of rank either circulated their work privately or they made use of pen-names (Lanciai Christian). Also, the theater industry during Shakespeare’s time was an unsurveyable community (Lanciai). It therefore follows that while theater was an important industry of the era, it is very challenging to examine the works of the industry. These reasons ultimately lead to the graying of the trace to the real authorship of the works attributed to Shakespeare. Why not Shakespeare? It has been mentioned in this essay that the theater industry was an unsurveyable community during Shakespeare’s time. A piece of information that is known though is that the owners of the theaters were communally owned by the actors, according to Lanciai’s article. Only the exceptional rise in the business, and William Shakespeare was one of them, as he was an accomplished capitalist of those times. Therefore, we can surmise that Shakespeare the businessman was a person considered of rank in his age. If we remember the rule that was imposed on writers of rank, another source argued thus: â€Å"If Shakespeare was a gentleman of rank, then William Shakespeare could not he his real name. By contrast, the William Shakespeare who was a play-broker, part owner of an acting company, and resident of Stratford as well as London would have been in a good position to use and appropriate work written by an anonymous high-born author,† (Price, Diana). How Shakespeare was perceived The man’s (Shakespeare of Stratford) social and professional position in question was described by Pope as this: â€Å"He writ to the People; and writ at first without patronage from the better sort, and therefore without aims of pleasing them: without assistance or advice from the Learned, as without the advantage of education or acquaintance among them: [and] without the knowledge of the best models, the Ancients, to inspire him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From this description, King surmised that Pope regarded the dialogue of the actors in his works as â€Å"bad conversations†, and that he was only able to get away with this because of the Court patronage. Also, he had drawn from the quote that the quality of Shakespeare’s dramatic writing improved in direct proportion to his level of social and linguistic contact with ‘the better sort’. With this we can already see how Pope has de-merited Shakespeare from the level of literary genius which has always been associated to his name. It also evident that Pope deemed Shakespeare of this position because of the social position he was in, as according to the same article, Shakespeare’s social contamination by his inferior associates and conversation partners contributed to the de-meriting. An argument from another author supported Pope’s claims when another author said, â€Å"It appears that Shakespeare of Stratford was not much respected (or liked) while Shakespeare the author was† (Price). The other side of Shakespeare of Stratford that Pope pointed out in concurs with the knowledge of the author. According to Price’s book, Shakespeare of Stratford was identified by contemporary documents as a money-lender, play-broker, wheeler-dealer, social climber, and sometime actor. No contemporaries of Shakespeare called him as an author, not even people from his community. What also strengthens this argument is the lack of surviving documents written by him which have any literary significance (Price). Aside from these, what’s also disturbing for scholars is the fact that the will left by Shakespeare did not mention of any books that he owned. In Elizabethan period, books were considered important items and therefore were to be bequeathed to relatives or fellow writers. His passing also spoke of his merit as a celebrated modern playwright in his time. Unlike other playwrights, his death did not stir any public notice. Add to that the issue brought about the will he left behind, these things make a lot of people wonder about his merit as a writer. It seems that his will was the only trace of Shakespeare’s literary works. A man named Reverend James Wilmot was said to have searched all of Warwickshire to look for any piece of evidence that would present Shakespeare’s literary activity. Reverend Wilmot did not find any anecdote, letter, document or any memento (Lanciai). Surely, anyone who is claimed to be a writer will have volumes of writings in his home, or any piece of writing at all. The article also explained that Reverend Wilmot’s discovery led him to conclude that Shakespeare really must have another writer. His education also proved nothing but extraordinary. According to Price’s book also, the businessman from Stratford only acquired a grammar-school education at most. While possible, it is difficult to believe that a person of such educational attainment could produce the level of intellect and cultivation found in his works. It is almost unquestionable when one makes the claim that Shakespeare’s works have shaped the way English dramas are to be written, as put by another source, â€Å"He creates and establishes the English verse drama, he gradually develops the English drama into the form which subsequently and invariably becomes the Shakespeare standard (Leahy, William). † This particular writer is one with the critics who says it is impossible that these works of great quality could have been produced by a man with little educational background. Leahy added in his article, â€Å"It’s not likely that Shakespeare could master this form directly without preparatory work in such an accomplished professionalism which is already evident in the first Shakespeare dramas. † What made him say this is due to his non-existent education and lack of experience of Cambridge, France, and Italy. Aside from this, Price adds how scholars point out that his knowledge of several foreign languages is deemed dubious. The article explained that there is no indication that Shakespeare knew any languages other than English, or that he ever left England. The discrepancy between the images of the two persons has fuelled the debates for the authenticity of the businessman from Stratford’s authorship in the Shakespearian works. The Real Shakespeare Among the numerous strings of allegations and speculations regarding Shakespeare of Stratford’s merit to claiming authorship to a number of literary works, a lot of names have also surfaced. Among these people was Francis Beaumont, a young dramatist who passed away in the same year William Shakespeare died. As death could sometimes speak of the greatness of a person, we could surely say that Beaumont was considered as one of the significant people in English drama. The whole of England mourned for his death and paid tribute to the dramatist. Aside from this young dramatist, another man is claimed to be the real Shakespeare. Ben Jonson, who also completely dominates the preface to the first edition of the complete works of Shakespeare, which appeared in 1623, is also suspected to be the real author of the plays (Lanciai). Lanciai adds that Ben Jonson himself has published his complete works first, which could have led him to think that the Shakespeare dramas should also be published. In addition, Christopher Marlowe has been alleged to be the original Shakespeare. Born in Canterbury, he was a learned man who received his education in the King’s School Canterbury, as well as Corpus Christi College, Cambridge through scholarships. The resonance with the quality of education has convinced many scholars, but what was more convincing was the practice he was able to gain in translations, poetry, and playwrighting (Oleg, et al). Lanciai also mentions another probable author to the works in question. After the discovery of Reverend Wilmot regarding the absence of Shakespeare’s literary work, the Reverend believed that a man named Francis Bacon should be recognized as the authentic author. The Reverend concluded that Shakespeare must have been the protective name for Bacon. According still to Lanciai’s article, Bacon’s education, experience and knowledgeableness could be better reconciled with the intellectual level exhibited by the works. Also, as the authorship clearly indicates that the experience were collected from at least the Cambridge university, Italy, and France, Bacon proved to be a probable candidate to the authorship as he had extensively went to these places. To add, Bacon’s education allowed him a position as an ambassador and to also serve as a member of the House of Commons. He was knighted and moved to higher political positions after the ascension of James VI (Oleg, et. al) In conclusion, the works of Shakespeare are not to be questioned with respect to the contribution in Literature and the quality of art that it contains. While the question of the Shakespeare authorship has been around for hundreds of years and is therefore a very important matter to be settled, it would be more important and more contributory if aspiring writers who are inspired by these works to focus their attention to â€Å"what† and not as to the† who. † Works Cited: King, Edmund G. C.. In the Character of Shakespeare: Canon, Authorship, and Attribution in Eighteenth-Century England Lanciai, Christian. A Summary of the Shakespeare Problems. Research Journal – Volume 06 – 2009 Online Research Journal Article. The Marlowe Society. 2009 Price, Diana. Shakespeare’s Unorthodox Biography: New Evidence of an Authorship Problem Seletsky, Oleg, Huang, Tiger, Henderson-Frost William. The Shakespeare Authorship Question.

Australian Aborigines Essay

Anthropology is the study of humanity. In Chapters 3 and 4 of the text we are learning about kinship system. In these selections I will focus on the Australian Aborigines culture. I will also concentrate on the Australian Aborigines and the three specific examples of how the kinship system of the chosen culture impacts the way the culture evolves. This paper will also show how the cultures compare to each other. ? Voluntary controls on fertility for Aborigines were controlled in the form of infanticide. Based on the text infanticide is the killing or the abandonment of new born babies. This practice is usually used when a baby has problem or deformities, which make it hard for the offspring to be taken care of (3. 4 Settlement Patterns). In the United States infanticide would be consider a homicide. In our culture we do have abortions. Some women use abortions for various reason for example health problems, raped, or just plan not ready to be parent. ? ? In Australian Aborigines culture they believe in cross cousin marriage. As described in the text Cross cousins are the children of opposite sex siblings, such as the father’s sister or the mother’s brother. The man in this culture has the right to marry his father sister’s daughter or his mother’s brother’s daughter (3. 7 Social Organizations). In this culture and day and time, we look at marrying cousins as wrong. It is old folk tale that the third cousins are removed but that was some of the older cultures. So now we believe in my family at least that mixing blood so to speak can cause baby deformities. So in our culture cross cousin marriage is prohibited. We also have family reunions to help family members know who there family is. According to Australian Aboriginal culture, all living things were created by ancient spirit ancestors. These stories of creation are known as the Dream-time, or Dreaming. Dream time according to the Aborigines, describes the creation of the earth and how all living things were created and how that affects life and morality (3. 8 Rituals and Religion). We have all different religions in America that’s what makes us as unique as a culture. I am a Christian. I believe Jesus Christ came and save the world from sin. I believe that God came to Moses and that only way to heaven is through Jesus Christ. Some atheists would compare us to the Australian Aborigine’s folk tale, but everybody has and opinion. ? In-closing Australian Aborigines culture and all other cultures have examples of kinship systems. What I learned from the text is that through anthropology that all men as an allocated law or system to follow as there way of life, Today society has come a long ways, but still shares the some of the same values. To know where you going, you have to know where you came from. Nowak B. , & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropology. Ashford University, Discovery Series. Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Essay on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection The WritePass Journal

Essay on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection Introduction Essay on Gibbs Nursing Model on Reflection ). The Gibbs (1988) model of reflection suggests that the process of reflection is systematic and follows a number of specific steps in order to be successful. This model of reflection is a type of formal reflection, which draws on research and puts forward a theory as to how most effectively put into practice to process of reflection. The process can be broken down into six key steps: Description: this step explores the context of the event and covers fine details such as who was present at the event, where it happened and what happened. Feelings: this step encourages the reflector to explore their thoughts and feelings at the time of the event. Evaluation: this step encourages the nurse to make their own judgement about the event and to consider what went well and what went less well about the event. Analysis: this step delves even deeper into reflection on the event and encourages the nurse to break the event down into smaller episodes in order to facilitate analysis. Conclusions: this step explores the potential alternatives that may be used to deal with the situation that is being reflected upon. Action Plan: this is the final step in the reflection process. The action plan is put into place in order to deal more effectively with the situation if or when it may arise again. The Royal College of Nursing (2012) believes the Gibbs (1988) model of reflection to be particularly superior because emphasises the role of emotions and acknowledges their importance in the reflection process. Nursing can often be an emotionally charged career, especially for nurses working in areas such as psychiatric health and palliative care. Therefore, reflection on these emotions and exploration of how to manage them and improve management of them in the future is of particular importance in the nursing profession.   Case Study Step One (Description) A young male patient aged 16 years came into the clinic around three days ago. He complained of low self-esteem and is feeling fed up and depressed because of pimples and spots on his face. The patient was worried that   Ã‚  girls would not be attracted to him because of the spots. The consultation took place with just myself present, no other nurses were in the room at the time of the appointment. The consultation lasted around half an hour, during which time myself and the patient discussed the history of his problems with his skin and the emotional distress that the spots were causing him. The patient disclosed that he had begun to get spots at around age 14 when he had started puberty and that it had begun to make him feel extremely self-conscious. The patient described the negative effect that the acne was having. For example, he has been bullied at school and is feeling apprehensive about starting sixth form in September because he believes that he will be the only sixth form er with spots. Based on the reasonably lengthy history of the acne, the presence of acne on the face and the negative emotional effect that the acne was having, a three month dosage of oxytetracycline was prescribed for the patient. Step Two (Feelings) During the consultation I had a number of feelings. Primarily I felt sympathy for the client because his situation reminded me of my own time as a teenager. I suffered from bad skin from the ages of 14 to about 20 and it severely affected my own self-esteem. In a review of the literature, Dunn, O’Neill and Feldman (2011) have found that patients suffering from acne are more at risk of depression and other psychological disorders. However, the review also found that acne treatment may lead to improvement of the psychological disorder that are so often co-morbid. This made me feel re-assured that prescribing oxytetracycline had been the right thing to do. My own experiences of acne also meant that I was able to relate well to the patient. I also felt some anger during the consultation. This anger was directed at the patient’s peers who had been cruel enough to taunt and tease the patient because of his acne. I also felt regret and guilt. I regretted not referring the pati ent onwards for emotional support and for not exploring the psychological impact of the acne in more detail. I also felt a sense of pride that this young man had the courage to come to the clinic by himself to seek help for his acne. I remembered how upsetting acne was as a teenager and I remembered that I would have been too embarrassed to have ever gone to a clinic or to have sought help from an adult. In turn, I also felt happiness. I felt happy that this young man had come to the clinic and I felt happy that I was able to help him. Step Three (Evaluation) On evaluation, the event was good in a number of ways. Firstly it added to my experience of dealing with young people and in dealing with the problems that are unique to this population of patients. I have not had many young patients during my nursing career and I welcome the opportunity to gain experience with this group. Furthermore, it re-affirmed my career choice as a nurse. During your career you always have doubts as to whether you have chosen the correct path. However, there are points in your career when you feel sure that you have made the right choice. However, there were also some negative elements. Firstly, the appointment was quite short and I am worried that this may have made the patient feel rushed and uncomfortable. After the consultation I did some research into the effects of acne in young people. Purvis et al. (2006) have found that young people with acne are at an increased risk of suicide and that attention must be paid to their mental health. In particular, the authors found that directly asking about suicidal thoughts should be encouraged during consultations with young people. This information only served to make me feel more anxious and I wished that I had bought this up with the patient. Step Four (Analysis) On reflection, being able to relate to the patient increased my ability to deal more effectively with the situation. I feel that the patient was able to open up more to me because he sensed my sympathy for him and his situation. Randall and Hill (2012) interviewed children aged between 11 and 14 years about what makes a ‘good’ nurse. It was found that the ability to connect to them was extremely important and so I think this is why the patient felt comfortable opening up to me. On reflection, I am also now convinced that the patient coming to see me was a very positive event. The patient could have chosen to go on suffering and could have chosen not to open up and talk about the problems his acne was causing. In a review of the literature, Gulliver, Griffiths and Christensen (2010) found that young people perceived embarrassment and stigma as barriers to accessing healthcare. Therefore, it could have been very easy for the patient to have avoided coming and seeking help. I felt a range of both positive and negative emotions during the consultation, and I think this re-affirmed for me that I enjoy nursing and enjoy helping others. It is important to genuinely care about patients and to provide them with the best care possible. This would be hard to do if you did not feel empathy for patients. The experience also helped me realise that I need to actively search out training and learning opportunities regarding working with young people with mental health issues. Step Five (Conclusion) If the same situation was to arise again I think that I would approach it in a slightly different way. In particular, I would have offered to refer the patient to further support services. During the consultation the patient mentioned that he felt that the spots on his face made him unattractive to the opposite sex. In addition to providing medication to get to the biological and physiological roots of the problem, on reflection I think it would have been beneficial to the patient to have provided information about charities that offer self-esteem and confidence building. Such charities that offer these services include Young Minds (youngminds.org.uk/) and Mind (mind.org.uk/). In retrospect, I also believe that I should have given the patient a longer consultation time in order for us to have explored the psychological impact of his acne in more detail. Coyne (2008) has found that young people are rarely involved in the decision-making process when it comes to their consultations. Th erefore, giving the patient more time to discuss his problems may have improved his sense of wellbeing as he felt more involved in his care process. Step Six (Action Plan) There are a number of elements to my action plan. Firstly, I will make sure that in the future the consultation room has leaflets and information pertaining to mental health problems in young people. This way, young people can access the information if they perhaps feel too embarrassed to talk about it. Hayter (2005) has found that young people accessing health clinics put a high value on a non-judgemental approach by health staff. Therefore, in future I would be sure to be aware of my attitude and make sure that either subconsciously or consciously; I am not making any judgements about the patient. Hayter (2005) also found that young people had serious concerns regarding confidentiality, especially during busy times at the clinic. Therefore, in the future I would be certain to reassure young people that their details and consultations are kept completely confidential. To re-assure young patients, I may ask them to sign a confidentiality form, which I will also sign in front of them. Furthermore, my action plan will include improving my knowledge and awareness of working with young people as a nursing professional. This will allow me to increase the tools and skills I have for dealing with young people with complex needs. During the consultation I felt anger toward the patient’s peers who had teased him. In the future, I will focus on being more objective when dealing with a patient who has been the victim of bullying. References Coyne, I. (2008) Children’s participation in consultations and decision-making at health service level: A review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(11), pp. 1682-1689. Dunn, L.K., O’Neill, J.L. and Feldman, S.R. (2011) Acne in adolescents: Quality of life, self-esteem, mood and psychological disorders. Dermatology Online Journal, 17(1). Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4hp8n68p [Accessed 20 October 2013]. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit. Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K.M. and Christensen, H. (2010) Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), pp. 113. Hayter, M. (2005) Reaching marginalised young people through sexual health nursing outreach clinics: Evaluating service use and the views of service users. Public Health Nursing, 22(4), pp. 339-346. Paget, T. (2001) Reflective practice and clinical outcomes: practitioner’s views on how reflective practice has influenced their clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10(2), pp. 204-214. Purvis, D., Robinson, E., Merry, S. and Watson, P. (2006) Acne, anxiety, depression and suicide in teenagers: A cross-sectional survey of New Zealand secondary school. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(12), pp. 793-796. Randall, D. and Hill, A. (2012) Consulting children and young people on what makes a good nurse. Nursing Children and Young People, 24(3), pp. 14. Royal College of Nursing (2012) An exploration of the challenges of maintaining basic human rights in practice. London: Royal College of Nursing.

Hotel Rwanda Essays

Hotel Rwanda Essays Hotel Rwanda Essay Hotel Rwanda Essay The movie Hotel Rwanda was about Paul Rusesabagina who was the hotel director of Hotel des Mille Collines. In this movie. he was set in a clip and an environment where there was so much internal force and struggle between cultural groups or communities in Rwanda between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Paul was seeking to run his hotel amidst all these contentions and dangers skulking around him. his household and his fellow countrymen. He was well-aware of these jeopardies being placed right in the center where he would meet people from both cultural communities while being a portion of one. This movie presented the dismaying event that changed and set the state of Rwanda in the map of the universe as a topographic point where some of the worst atrociousnesss of world had been committed. where about 800. 000 people were killed in short span of three months. Amidst these dismaying fortunes. Paul stood up to salvage non merely his household and friends but his fellowmen making everything he could to salvage the lives around him. European invitees and staff at the hotel are flown out of the state. and Paul is left in charge. He finds that his scruples won’t allow him to watch as the inexperienced person are slaughtered. and before long. the hotel has become a well-found refugee cantonment. Some sees Paul as a treasonist seting his life in danger. The quandary of his guests grows more unstable every twenty-four hours. but despite good purposes on the portion of a journalist ( Joaquin Phoenix ) and a UN peacekeeping colonel ( Nick Nolte ) . the remainder of the universe is non eager to step in and halt the slaughter. For me. the chief subject of this film is composing a incorrect that is so awful in nature that everybody is merely unwilling to take a base. The incorrect is so unabashedly violent and righteous that everybody is willing to take a measure back and delay for person to manage it. In this movie’s instance. all hope was on the UN. However. merely the foreign subjects ab initio got the assistance of the UN. The subjects were left to calculate things out on their ain. In this instance. Paul Rusesabagina became the improbable hero. Making the right thing at that clip proved to be unsafe on himself and his household. It would hold been easier for him to sell his psyche instead than travel against the bulk motion. And yet. he did travel against the tide and did the right thing by utilizing his cool mind and unagitated mode of covering with his staff. the military. the activists and the remainder of his household members and neighbours. Sing decease being done is bad plenty. I can merely conceive of how annihilating that can be. However. I understand his emotions when he saw his boy traumatized by the state of affairs. As a parent myself. I would non desire any of my boies to witness such barbarous Acts of the Apostless of humanity on another homo. allow entirely the force that was done to the male child. excessively. Although Mr. Rusesabagina acted cool and composed in the movie. I can non assist but inquire if. so. he was composed during the full clip he was still in the state. The ambiance of the full film came across to me as harsh. That is. the scenes were unforgiving in their scratchy. splanchnic force. The discordant scenes of killing and adult females being abused and disrespected were forceful. The movie strived to be sincere and honest in the word picture of this inhumane race murder that affected the universe. While watching the movie. I was reminded of Hitler’s move to extinguish Hebrews from the universe. This was WWII. It was and still is a atrocious manner of thought. Yet. Hitler still found people to sympathize with his vision and ideal universe. 50 old ages subsequently. this race murder happens in Rwanda. Horrible. And yet. this incident did come to go through and it’s a true narrative. How can people handle their fellow human existences in this mode? Why act like barbarians when we have the capacity for love and compassion? What is it that drives such a crooked point-of-view to derive impulse? I’ve thought about this the whole weekend. The lone reply I can come up with is that God gave mankind the gift of free will with our mind and humanity. It is truly up to us to utilize these gifts to the best of our ability. The pick to make right and incorrectly will ever be upon us. Therefore. the effects of our determinations and the foregoing actions that ensue because of these determinations will determine our lives. As such. the race murder that happened in Rwanda can non be undone. But. we can larn the lessons needed to go better people. As with Paul Rusesabagina. his pick to contend passively with resolved purpose of acquiring his household and friends safely out of the state helped these persons continue a life on this Earth. For merely this trait. I salute him non merely for standing on his belief and rules but for allowing love and compassion identify the life force within him and holding him interpret this into the economy of human lives.

Definition of Instructional Words Used on Tests

Definition of Instructional Words Used on Tests Instructional words are very important, but they are often overlooked and misunderstood by students during exams and tests. It is important to know what is expected of you when you encounter words such as â€Å"analyze† or â€Å"discuss† on an exam. Valuable points can be earned or lost, depending on your understanding of instructional words shown here. Analyze: Take apart a concept or a process, and explain it step by step. You could encounter analysis questions in any discipline, from science to history. An analysis question is usually a long essay question.Comment: If a test question prompts you to comment on a fact or statement, you will need to explain the relevance of the fact or statement. For example, you could be prompted to comment on a particular amendment quoted in a government exam or comment on a passage that is quoted on a literature exam.Compare: Show likenesses and differences when you compare two events, theories, or processes.Contrast: Used for showing differences between two processes or theories, a contrast question could appear on a literature exam, a history exam, a science exam, and more.Define: Provide a definition of a key term you’ve covered in class. This is usually a short essay type of question.Demonstrate: If you are asked to demonstrate, you must provide proof of your answer by using an example . A demonstration could be a physical action, a visual illustration, or a written statement. Diagram: Demonstrate your answer by drawing a chart or other visual element to illustrate your points.Discuss: When a teacher instructs you to â€Å"discuss† a topic, he or she is trying to determine whether you understand both sides of an issue. You will need to demonstrate that you know the strengths and weaknesses of both sides. You should pretend that you are having a conversation with a friend and voicing both sides.Enumerate: Enumerating is providing a list in a particular order. When you enumerate a list of items, you may need to specify why items go in a particular order.Examine: If you are prompted to examine a topic, you will use your own judgment to explore (in writing) a topic and comment on significant elements, events, or acts. Provide your opinion and explain how or why you came to your conclusions.Explain: Provide an answer that gives a â€Å"why† response. Provide a complete overview of the problem and solution for a particular issue or process. This is a typical form of question used in science exams. Illustrate: If you are expected to illustrate a topic, you should use examples to show or explain a topic. Depending on the subject matter, you might use words, drawings, diagrams, or behavior to illustrate an answer.Interpret: Interpretation of a subject calls for the ability to read between the lines and draw conclusions. You will be expected to explain the meaning of an act, action, or passage in an interpretation.Justify: If you are asked to justify something, you will be expected to use examples or evidence to show why (in your opinion) it is correct. You must provide reasons for your conclusions and opinions.List: Lists are used in every discipline. In list questions, you must provide a series of answers. If you are expected to memorize a certain number of items for an exam, be sure to remember how many there are in total.  Outline: Provide an explanation with headings and subheadings. This is a common instruction word found on literature exams.Order: Provide a chronological or value-based answer by listing several items (terms or events) in the correct placement. You could be asked to place events in a certain order on a history exam, or you could be asked to put a scientific process in the correct order.   Prove: To prove an answer, you must use evidence (this could be numbers) or reasoning to solve a problem. Tests that require proof normally appear on science or math exams.Relate: Relate could mean a few different things on an exam: 1) You could be asked to show a relationship between two events or items by discussing their similarities, or 2) You could be required to provide a written account of something (as in literature).Review: If a test question prompts you to review a process or event, you should recall and repeat all the most important elements or facts that you learned about a specific topic in essay form.Trace: To trace an event or process, go over it in detail and explain it step by step. You could trace an event that occurred in history or you could trace a process in science.

Leisure sailing clothing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leisure sailing clothing - Essay Example The Company under analysis belongs to the latter scenario rather than the former one. There are four factors that will be examined under the titles shown below as follows; There are both big and small political forces that affect the way a company runs. This is especially in regard to the leisure sailing industry. First of all, since the person considering opening up the business under study is a foreign investor, then government regulations concerning foreign investment in the UK should be considered. This is because there will be some tariffs that have to be paid by the investor. But there are relatively few regulations in this area of trade currently in the UK. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) The government passed a competition policy in the year 1998 to regulate players or investors within industries that may have undue advantage over others in their arena of operation. This is an advantage for the investor because he is protected from unfavourable competition. Besides this, the investor also has to consider the fact that the UK is a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol; therefore he must make sure that the Company complies with environmental regulations set up by the government. The investor has to consider the country... Economic factors There are many economic factors that will affect the new investment. These may either be related to national issues or may be caused by some international factors too. There are very many players in the leisure sailing clothing industry and some of them may not be seen directly. This is because most companies in the UK that offer leisure sailing clothes do this as only apportion of their product offering. It may therefore not be very easy to detect such Companies as competitors in the market. The investor must put this in mind because he can be able to adjust his marketing strategies depending on what some of these competitors do. (Assmus and Farley, 1984) Another important factor that the Company should incorporate into its operation is the fact that the UK economy is relatively stable. This means that consumers have strong purchasing power. The Company can therefore engage in mass supplies because there is a ready and able market in the UK. In addition, the economy has long term prospects of improving. This implies the Company also has an opportunity to expand into there areas that have previously not been dealt with. The investor has to remember that the United Kingdom is part of the European Union. There are a number of implications that this has on any business running in that area. The first is that there may be stiff competition from other countries that belong to the region since trade barriers have been lifted. Also the introduction of a common currency will also affect the strength of the pound if the Company will be located in Britain. The Company can deal with stiff competition from other members of the EU through incorporation of outsourcing and knowledge management. The Company

Answer the questions in Bold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer the questions in Bold - Essay Example However, the deterrence of illness and injury, no matter how advanced, is unlikely to result in the total elimination of the need for further care. Where prevention is unsuccessful or not possible, the second step in the continuum is primary care. This is perhaps the most utilized part of the system, perhaps even overused, as people seek counsel at local doctors offices, and through other first-contact medical providers in their community. A large number of interactions at this level result in the satiation of the patients immediate healthcare concerns, eliminating the need to seek further types of care. When further treatment is required, secondary care services act as the next level in the continuum of care. Acute hospital services like emergency room visits, as well as appointments with specialists (that often require referrals from a primary provider) such as psychiatrists, and cardiologists. Tertiary care takes place when specialists and/or special hospitals (burn centers for example) are involved with inpatient care. Intensive rehabilitation services, and long-term inpatient care represent the next two continuum levels, respectively. The final stage in the continuum of care is comprised of end-of-life services such as hospices and palliative care treatments. As would be expected, comfort of the patient is the primary focus at the end of the healthcare continuum. Like any service, the success of delivering healthcare with consistently high quality across the continuum does not come without challenges. One of the most impactful determinants of care effectiveness is the geographic location of the population under study. As is the case with most industries, central hubs of operations tend to be placed in most populated areas (now commonly in the form of cities). While this approach is reasonable from a statistical perspective, the fact remains that this trend threatens rural populations with the unavailability

SWOT Analysis of St. Austin Primary School Essay

SWOT Analysis of St. Austin Primary School - Essay Example This essay stresses that the school enjoys a good relationship not only with the neighbors but also with the school stakeholders. Periodic audience between the school administration and the students ensures that problems are solved as soon as they arise. There are periodical meetings between the teachers and the parents and this ensures that the two parties act in a synchronized manner as far as bringing up the child is concerned. There are parent days once per year where the students, teacher and students come together. This paper makes a conclusion that the school possesses a lengthy history, been in existence for thirty years now. This means that the school has laid down infrastructures as far as education provision is concerned. It has a fully stocked library and laboratories. It also has a powerful network of alumni. These are prominent people in the society and provide inspiration to our student and staff. The school is very expensive, it been a private enterprise. This locks out students that deserved an opportunity to study at our school since they cannot meet the costs. The school is said to be rigid as far as religion goes. It is run exclusive on Roman Catholic principles. This alienates students of other faiths like Muslim and Protestants. The school has been in existence for a period of thirty years. Due to this, it finds it very hard to deviate from its tradition and embrace new ways of life. It is accused of still running the business of education the old school way.

Health care policy and financing Research Paper

Health care policy and financing - Research Paper Example Below are various competencies that the nurse is expected to exhibit in the face of the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation. 712.1.1: Legislative and Regulatory Processes The legislative instrument guiding the formation and operation of the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation is vested in the Social Security Amendments of 1965, which was specifically set up to cater for the health needs of specific categories of United States citizens with low income and economic resources (Dziegielwski, Turnage and Roest-Marti, 2004). What this means is that both Medicare and Medicaid are population stratified legislations that cover a specific population. The process of implementing the legislation was vested into individual states. This means that each state administers or implements its own Medicare & Medicaid Innovation policies. The idea of doing this is to promote healthy competition among the various state implementing agencies. This not withstanding, there is a federal regulation of the project, which as at now is vested to the care of federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The general process of monitoring and evaluation of the regulation of the policy is there in the hands of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), who are in return expected to render feedback accounts to the larger population of the United States. 712.1.2: Policy Development There are several ways that the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation impacts clinical practice and healthcare delivery. Over the years, there are realistic data to suggest that the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation is indeed developing fast at the state and national level. It is not for nothing therefore that the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation has on several occasions being copied by different countries and nations in different formats (Malcomson Law, 2012). Within the United States premises, it has been noted that the policy has come as a perfect intervention for bridging the gap between the poor and rich in terms of healthcare reception. This is because before the implementation of the policy, only a few privileged ones had the luxury of receiving quality healthcare, but today, the system has changed (Kanner, 2001). In effect, healthcare delivery can now be referred to as a right rather than a privilege in the United States and this right is enjoyed by all people with different socio-economic backgrounds. 712.2.1: U.S. Healthcare Delivery In the United States, what makes the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation unique is how healthcare is delivered in general. This is to say that the United States has an entirely different healthcare delivery process. In the first instance, healthcare delivery is done from an individualized perspective (Kanner, 2001). What this means is that healthcare delivery is targeted at solving the individual needs of people. It is for this reason that healthcare implementation for major policies such as the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation is done at the state level. The ide a is that different states have different health needs and so should have their healthcare delivered from different perspectives. With specific reference to the Medicare & Medicaid Innovation, the United States has such as a specialized healthcare delivery system that makes it possible for different states to have the policy in different formats. For example, Maine implements the program as MaineCare whiles California implements the pr

Cultural diversity and language education Essay

Cultural diversity and language education - Essay Example Ð fter 21/2 yeÐ °rs of immersing myself in SpÐ °nish through study Ð °nd trÐ °vel to Mexico Ð °nd GuÐ °temÐ °lÐ °, I grÐ °duÐ °ted with Ð ° minor in SpÐ °nish. SpÐ °nish cÐ °me very eÐ °sily to me becÐ °use of Ð °ll the French I hÐ °d tÐ °ken Ð °nd my strong desire to leÐ °rn the lÐ °nguÐ °ge. Ð fter college, I trÐ °veled for Ð ° yeÐ °r in South Ð mericÐ °, where I both reinforced my SpÐ °nish Ð °nd Ð °lso picked up Portuguese while visiting BrÐ °zil. When I returned from South Ð mericÐ ° I wÐ °s unsure whÐ °t I wÐ °nted to do, so I enrolled in Ð ° bilinguÐ °l teÐ °cher educÐ °tion progrÐ °m sponsored by Title VII. Ð  yeÐ °r of student teÐ °ching Ð °nd bilinguÐ °l methods courses certified me Ð °s Ð ° bilinguÐ °l teÐ °cher. I becÐ °me Ð ° bilinguÐ °l teÐ °cher out of my love for SpÐ °nish. I see the process of becoming bilinguÐ °l Ð °s Ð ° lifelong journey, one in which I Ð °m still involved. When I stÐ °rted teÐ °ching, I hÐ °d no ideÐ ° thÐ °t bilinguÐ °l teÐ °ching wÐ °s so controversiÐ °l, stigmÐ °tized, Ð °nd complex. For 6 yeÐ °rs, I struggled Ð °s Ð ° SpÐ °nish-English bilinguÐ °l elementÐ °ry school teÐ °cher in OÐ °klÐ °nd, CÐ °liforniÐ °. PÐ °rt of this struggle wÐ °s cÐ °used by lÐ °ck of support from my principÐ °l Ð °nd colleÐ °gues, who did not understÐ °nd the purposes of whÐ °t is needed to develop bilinguÐ °lism. During thÐ °t time, I obtÐ °ined Ð ° mÐ °sters degree in curriculum Ð °nd bilinguÐ °l educÐ °tion. Ð t the clÐ °ssroom level, despite my teÐ °cher trÐ °ining Ð °nd mÐ °sters degree, I still fÐ °ced dÐ °ily dilemmÐ °s such Ð °s, "WhÐ °t should I do with 30 kids whose lÐ °nguÐ °ge dominÐ °nce vÐ °ries from SpÐ °nish to English Ð °nd Ð °ll the shÐ °des in between?" "WhÐ °t kind of curriculum should I use for OmÐ °r, who hÐ °s just come from Mexico to my fourth-grÐ °de clÐ °ss Ð °nd doesnt know how to hold Ð ° pencil becÐ °use he hÐ °s never gone to school before?" "How do I work with Guillermo, who is very bright, fully

Engaging Communication Technologies of the 1950s Assignment - 2

Engaging Communication Technologies of the 1950s - Assignment Example The history of Communication Technology counts back to the revolution era, when scholars and scientist discovered the utilization of various materials and minerals. They started engaging these materials to develop communication media, which then peaked in the 1950s. In the 1950s, communication technology made several notable communication establishments, which revolved the way of communication in many industries, ages, races and government work. The industry brought with it several positive developments as well as negative influences on the diverse areas of application by its users. Among the developments established by the 1950s in communication technology is the establishment of the first telephone communication, which came into play in late 1876 (Solway 27). Thereafter, as the 1900s came, technology continued to evolve bringing with it several discoveries. These discoveries include the making of first transcontinental phone call in 1915, and establishment of the first Air-to-Ground and Ground-to-Air Radio Communication. These developments created the basis for the more discoveries in the industry, making communication a key sector of interest to many stakeholders and governments. It is between the 1920s and 1950s that communication sector re volution then was at peak, with several developments coming into the action, and communication getting easy and comprehendible. The highlights made in communication technology at the period from 1900s to 1950s affected the use of communication technology in the 1950s remarkably. For instance, for the people who worked in the offices, both private and government sectors, several communication technologies affected their work and daily schedule. The communication within the office premises for the professionals entailed the use of several communication media (Krummenacher & Robert 67). The office manager needed to communicate with customers, clients and employees.

Cultural diversity and language education Essay

Cultural diversity and language education - Essay Example Ð fter 21/2 yeÐ °rs of immersing myself in SpÐ °nish through study Ð °nd trÐ °vel to Mexico Ð °nd GuÐ °temÐ °lÐ °, I grÐ °duÐ °ted with Ð ° minor in SpÐ °nish. SpÐ °nish cÐ °me very eÐ °sily to me becÐ °use of Ð °ll the French I hÐ °d tÐ °ken Ð °nd my strong desire to leÐ °rn the lÐ °nguÐ °ge. Ð fter college, I trÐ °veled for Ð ° yeÐ °r in South Ð mericÐ °, where I both reinforced my SpÐ °nish Ð °nd Ð °lso picked up Portuguese while visiting BrÐ °zil. When I returned from South Ð mericÐ ° I wÐ °s unsure whÐ °t I wÐ °nted to do, so I enrolled in Ð ° bilinguÐ °l teÐ °cher educÐ °tion progrÐ °m sponsored by Title VII. Ð  yeÐ °r of student teÐ °ching Ð °nd bilinguÐ °l methods courses certified me Ð °s Ð ° bilinguÐ °l teÐ °cher. I becÐ °me Ð ° bilinguÐ °l teÐ °cher out of my love for SpÐ °nish. I see the process of becoming bilinguÐ °l Ð °s Ð ° lifelong journey, one in which I Ð °m still involved. When I stÐ °rted teÐ °ching, I hÐ °d no ideÐ ° thÐ °t bilinguÐ °l teÐ °ching wÐ °s so controversiÐ °l, stigmÐ °tized, Ð °nd complex. For 6 yeÐ °rs, I struggled Ð °s Ð ° SpÐ °nish-English bilinguÐ °l elementÐ °ry school teÐ °cher in OÐ °klÐ °nd, CÐ °liforniÐ °. PÐ °rt of this struggle wÐ °s cÐ °used by lÐ °ck of support from my principÐ °l Ð °nd colleÐ °gues, who did not understÐ °nd the purposes of whÐ °t is needed to develop bilinguÐ °lism. During thÐ °t time, I obtÐ °ined Ð ° mÐ °sters degree in curriculum Ð °nd bilinguÐ °l educÐ °tion. Ð t the clÐ °ssroom level, despite my teÐ °cher trÐ °ining Ð °nd mÐ °sters degree, I still fÐ °ced dÐ °ily dilemmÐ °s such Ð °s, "WhÐ °t should I do with 30 kids whose lÐ °nguÐ °ge dominÐ °nce vÐ °ries from SpÐ °nish to English Ð °nd Ð °ll the shÐ °des in between?" "WhÐ °t kind of curriculum should I use for OmÐ °r, who hÐ °s just come from Mexico to my fourth-grÐ °de clÐ °ss Ð °nd doesnt know how to hold Ð ° pencil becÐ °use he hÐ °s never gone to school before?" "How do I work with Guillermo, who is very bright, fully

Human genetic engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human genetic engineering - Research Paper Example s of an organism and can either be positive or negative where negative brings a subject up to par while positive modifies genetic material to bring it beyond normal limitations (171-175). However, it is important to note that amid arguments and hot debate regarding genetic engineering, it is ethical to use technology in particular cases including altering cells and DNA to minimize disease effects and combating other genetic disorders. This article provides argument regarding human genetic engineering. Biotechnology is the utilization of science and biology technology to alter the living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods, services that are innovative and can improve people’s lives (Evans 44-48). It is a technology that uses living organisms to make superior products that meets life’s greatest needs in a careful and regulated way and serving the needs of scientists. It is worth noting that biotechnology has been in existence for quite a long time including preservation of dairy products and beer fermentation and forms a huge part of the daily life but it has now been to humans. According to Evans, biotechnology plays a major role in meeting human’s daily needs through resource efficiency, food security as well as modification of human genes (44-48). Various things including increase in yields characterize biotechnology as well as offering built in protection against insect damage, prevention of soil erosion, and eventually reduce po verty by increasing food security for a growing population (Gyngell 495-503). However, biotechnology has had serious effects on both human and enhanced climatic changes. Genetically modified humans and organisms are technologically altered through the process of modern biotechnology or gene technology. They are developed because they are perceived to super human who are capable of performing many things that cannot be performed by ordinary persons (Evans 52-59). It is important to note that human

Qing China and the consequences of the golden age Essay Example for Free

Qing China and the consequences of the golden age Essay Introduction The â€Å"Prosperous Age† was a period where Qing China experienced a drastic increase in population, flourishing trade and commerce, and a remarkable level of social and political stability during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. However, its brilliance was overshadowed by its subsequent consequences and China was soon at its breaking point in the 19th century. This essay would then evaluate on the implications of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† and how the long-term consequences proved to be more negative in the 19th century due to a string of crisis, and subsequent problems that continued even in modern China of the 20th century. Negative Unanticipated Long Term Consequences Reversal of Trade Fortunes with Britain During the 18th century, there was mounting European demand for Chinese goods (Hung, 2011). Britain in particular, had strong liking and demand for Chinese goods especially tea. Hence, it led to the outflow of British silver into China, but little inflow of silver back into the British economy resulted in China enjoying a trade surplus (City University HK, 2007) while Britain suffered from a trade deficit. To redress this deficit, Britain began to smuggle and sell opium in China (City University HK, 2007). China’s attempt to prohibit opium then resulted in the Opium Wars and suffered a tragic defeat. The defeat in the Opium War led to the signings of unequal treaties . Upon signing of the unequal treaties, much Chinese marked it as the beginning of a century of shame and humiliation. Although China was never formally colonized, the lack of ability to defend its basic sovereign rights and ability to govern its own country made it look like a like semi-colonized state of Britain. Consequently, the Qing government was seen as weak and inefficient to combat against the foreigners and much Chinese lost faith in the Manchurian Qing government. As a result, this gave rise to the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) where violent revolts and attacks were targeted against foreigners as a sign to resist their influence. Boxers,  supported by China, suffered a yet another defeat and were forced to sign yet another unequal treaty: Boxer Protocol, where the reparations drastically crippled the Chinese economy till the mid 20th century (Zheng, 2009). Thus, we can see that the initial trade surplus, a sign of â€Å"Prosperous Age† resulted in British to redress the situation by selling opium to the Chinese led to the Opium Wars and the unequal treaties which greatly weakened Qing China internally and externally in the 19th century. China’s failure to counter foreign influence led to their continued defeat in the Boxer Rebellion at the end of 19th century, where another unequal treaty continued to cripple her till mid 20th century , thereby demonstrating the long term consequence of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† was indeed negative in the long run, especially since the consequences did not confine just to the 19th century but even stretched to the 20th century. Reforms did not keep up with population boom During the â€Å"Prosperous Age†, China’s population tripled from less than 150 million to over 400 million (Perkins, 1969). Civil Service Exam however continued its strict quota for passing (Bentley Ziegler, 2003) and that meant a lower ratio of scholar to population passes. The frustration of students led to the rise of influential leaders like Hong Xiuquan who sought for reforms which led to the Taiping Rebellion . Coincidentally, the backbone of his rebels were the poor peasants who were forced out of arable lands and were socially upset and frustrated, which was also due to the consequence of the population boom. The consequence of the Taiping Rebellion led to a weakened Qing as they were forced to decentralize power to provincial elites to deal with the crisis and this power was never fully recovered even after the rebellion was suppressed (Sng, 2011). Provincial elites who did not return the power were a growing sign of defiance and could have the possibility of rising up against the imperial court. The unneeded civil unrest caused by Taiping Rebellion also served to exacerbate subsequent crisis like the Northern Chinese Famine (1876-1879) where the government was severely blamed for not providing sufficient aid. The excess unrest and loss of power proved to be detrimental in the 19th century as it  crippled China and the country with no official political bloc stepping up to assist with the problems and crisis. In short, China was in a total disarray and chaotic. Lack of technological advancement Qing China favoured political and social stability over technological innovation which they feared would lead to unsettling changes. Furthermore, the vast population available to firms was a cheaper alternative to increase output, rather than investment of new technologies which was costly (Bentley Ziegler, 2003). This proved to be adverse in the 19th century when China engaged in wars. In the Opium Wars, the Qing military was no match against the British who utilized better technology to triumph (Tanner, 2010). The first defeat resulted in Treaty of Nanjing which ceded Hong Kong to Britain. Subsequent wars like the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1985) had China suffering a crushing defeat against a more superior and modernized Japanese army. China then ceded Taiwan, Penghu and the Liaodong peninsular to the Japanese. It clearly implied that China could not defend its own sovereign ground and indicated how backward the Chinese army. It questions the right of China to even claim rights over those territories if she could not even defend it properly. The problem gets exemplified into the 20th century when China continued to suffer several defeats to the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War . Even with the Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) which was embraced to modernize China was insufficient. The subsequent defeats to Allied forces in the Boxer Rebellion and Japanese in the Sino-Japanese Wars marred the success of the movement. Especially significant was the defeat in First Sino-Japanese war as for the first time in over 2000 years of history, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan (Johnson, 2010). Coupled with the defeat, China’s international and regional standings were challenged and staged subsequent revolutions that led to other problems and the eventual demise of Qing. Positive Long Term Unanticipated Consequences Building a new foundation based on common people The end of Taiping Rebellion inspired nationalists (Del Testa Lemoine Strickland, 2001) to fight for the betterment of Chinese. It was because of the consequence of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† that led to the decisive rise of nationalist to seek for reforms. An example would be the decentralizing of power, which meant many parties would be involved in decision-making process, rather than just the monarch government. This would ensure that concerns are taken into deliberation before decision-making that will benefit majority of the Chinese, rather than the imperial court only. The nationalist dream then culminated in the 1911 Revolution in the early 20th century, where the Qing was overthrown and the Republic of China was established. Nevertheless, the dream of the nationalist was short-lived due to a power struggle within. Even though election was scheduled for 1913, but it soon became clear than Yuan Shikai wanted to establish his own power base. Sun Yat Sen was then forced into exile after he stepped down as head of the newly formed Kuomintang (Foster, 2007). The new government was then monopolized by Yuan and led to decades of political division and warlordism, including monarchy restoration (Blecher, 2010). Therefore we can see that the perceived benefits from the consequence of â€Å"Prosperous Age† in the 19th century did not fully materialize in the 20th century. Monarchy restoration was attempted and defeats the purpose of the promised sharing of power with the people initially. Political and social unrest persisted even with the new government which culminated in the May Fourth Movement (1919). Hence, we can see that China did not become better even with the end of Qing. It would be judgmental to argue that the initial rise of nationalists had resulted in a better China. It would be fairer to argue that the initial rise of nationalists led to more power struggle and dissident movements like the Chinese Warlord Era (1916-1928) as there were no strong political forces to enforce stability and order until the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came in 1949. Conclusion Hence, we can see that the consequences of the â€Å"Prosperous Age† proved to be more negative. The severity of the negative consequences shed light on the  crises in the 19th century which crippled China internally and externally. The impact of the consequences was so overwhelming that it even snowballed to the 20th century and further crippled modern China. In contrast, the perceived positive consequences was that it built the foundation but the problem was that the foundation was weak and unstable which in turn led to more problems which culminated in more movements and revolutions. Furthermore, problems like sovereign issues were not solved by reforms or China’s surge in military strength but rather treaties that returned territories to her under imminent conditions . Thus, we can see that the long term consequences were more negative in the 19th century as it continued the crippling of China economically, socially and militarily and as well as set the stage for the movements and revolutions in the 20th century which did not necessary bring about stability and communal power amongst its people until the CCP came into power in 1949. References Hung, H.F. (2011), Protest with Chinese characteristics: demonstrations, riots, and petitions (p24-26). USA: Columbia University Press Qian Long Emperor’s Letter to George III, 1793, retrieved from Sanders Morillo Nelson Elleberger (2005), Encounters in World History: Sources and Themes from the Global Past, Volume 2 (p289). McGraw-Hill Sng, T.H (2011, Oct 4). Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China 1700-1850.   City University of HK Press (2007), China: Five thousand years of history and civilization (p109). Hong Kong: City University of HK Press Perkins, D.H. (1969). Agricultural development in China, 1369-1968. Chicago: Aldine Bentley Ziegler (2003). Traditions and Encounters (p724-740). New York: McGraw-Hill Tanner, H.M. (2010), China: From the Great Qing Empire through the People’s Republic of China 1644-2009 (p77). USA: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Del Testa Lemoine Strickland (2001). Government leaders, military rulers and political activist (p86). Greenwood Publishing Group Foster, S (2007). Adventure Guide China (p18-19). Hunter Publishing, Inc. Blecher, M.J. (2010). China against the tides: restructuring through revolution, radicalism, and reform (p205). Continuum International Publishing Group Johnson, R.E. (2010). A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches (p267). Cambridge University Press Zheng, J.G. (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China 1800-1949 (p32). USA: Scarecrow Press

Reality Television Love?What are These Contestants Thinking?! :: essays research papers fc

Reality Television Love†¦What are These Contestants Thinking?!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marriage, it’s supposed to be a once in a lifetime event right? The answer to that is surprisingly no! Today it seems that the media pokes fun of this wonderful occasion in the ever so popular reality T.V. show weddings. They are everywhere today. Many of these marriages don’t last much longer than the show was aired anyway. The contestant chooses a lifetime partner from a group of twenty or so other â€Å"contestants† to miraculously fall in love with. But can this be true love? Marriage should not be rushed in this way, because it usually comes along in a normal life setting. What are these television savvy people thinking? I do not believe that the media should use the sacred act of marriage as entertainment, people on these shows are looking for love for the wrong reasons, divorce rates today are through the roof, and generally all the contestants really want is to â€Å"get their face out there†, to become famous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times these people aren’t even sure what they are looking for or even what they are doing on such a show. On programs such as The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire, and Married by America the contestants are set out to search for their one true love. But how do they know if one of these lucky men or women is right for them? The answer is hard to tell. The show, even though aired for weeks at a time, isn’t even as long as it appears. Each episode is different days put into one episode and it is hard to tell exactly how long they really have been there. In all reality the contestants are only acquainted for about a months time and BAM, they are up at the alter saying their â€Å"I Do’s†, in their to-die-for wedding apparel. I don’t know about you but I have defiantly gone through life with a crush or two for about a month that I thought at the time I could marry and be with forever, but after a while I thought to myself, what was I th inking! This is exactly how many of these couples feel soon after their wedding. Then out of nowhere there is yet another divorce. Some may disagree and say that there have been many love stories with happy endings that were very fast and sudden, and they have turned out fine.

Herder, Gadamer, and 21st Century Humanities Essay -- Philosophy Relig

One of the anticipations of this Congress, namely, that of all the world's philosophical traditions address the 'problems of human life, civilization, and residence on earth,' cannot be accomplished by insisting upon the means and prescriptions of any one tradition. In this paper I address the theme of the Congress by considering the views of Johann Gottfried Herder and Hans-Georg Gadamer on education and history. In spite of attacks on his religious loyalties, Herder supported what may today be called pluralism. Having studied history and having watched history in the making of one of its darkest moments, Gadamer also saw the future of the humanities in the global conversation. To educate humanity, I conclude, philosophy should first attempt to understand the existential conditions of human life. Ideen is a curious and in some ways contradictory work. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) respects the humanistic ideals of freedom and social improvement and recognizes the teleological and progressive notions of historical development. But he does not confine himself to European history and sources like most others in his time and even after did. He rejected the then prevailing view that there exist some invariant laws or standards of consciousness and behavior that are applicable to all humans at all periods and in terms of which even the past should be judged. On the contrary, he argued that every historical age and culture has its own character and its own value. In Book 14, chapter 6 of Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit (Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784-91), he likens societies to organisms as they develop in distinctive manner and in response to the combination of environmental condi... ...Gadamer on Education, Poetry, and History. Albany: SUNY Press, 1992, p. xvii (7) Gadamer. Reason in the Age of Science. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 198. p. 92 (8) "Aber fà ¼r die Geisteswissenschaften dà ¼rfte es anders aussehen"—Das Erbe Europas. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1989, P.35 (9) Das Erbe Europas, p. 52: '. . . einer standardisierten weltzivilisation herauffà ¼hren, in der sich die Geschichte des Planeten gleichsam in Idealstatus einer rationalen Weltverwaltung stillstellt -' (10) See: Claude Sumner. The Source of African Philosophy: The Ethiopian Philosophy of Man. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1986. (11) See: Kwame Gyekye. An Essay on African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (12) See: Paulin Hountondji. African Philosophy: Myth and Reality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.

Building effective teams task 6

The use of 360 degree feedback based on peer review as the key method to evaluate an individual’s performance is disputable in human resource management, especially where it is intended as the key method to evaluate an individual’s performance.The decision in favor of it or against it depends on the targeted use of this appraisal tool. It seems perfectly acceptable as a development tool that allows the employee glimpses into his or her performance and areas for improvement. In this context, â€Å"the results from 360-degree feedback are often used by the person receiving the feedback to plan their training and development† (Wikipedia, 2006).However, its use as the tool in decision-making on pay increases or decreases should be restricted for a variety of reasons. First of all, it is not always clear who will pick the evaluators and how this will influence the process.Besides, from the developmental point of view because of the anonymity of the process, those who are being evaluated â€Å"have no recourse if they want to further understand the feedback† (Heathfield, 2006). If suppliers or clients are involved in the process as they frequently are, there is no guarantee that they will be able to assess an individual’s performance adequately, relying on the criteria desired by the management team.Therefore, it seems a good idea to recommend that 360 degree feedback be used as a developmental tool for employees’ reference. The standards performance appraisal by the supervising manager has to be used, however, as a basis for reward decision-making.The manager is better equipped with an understanding of the employee’s contribution to the organization by virtue of the managerial position. However, if the results of the managerial performance appraisal differ dramatically from those obtained via 360 degree feedback, senior management might want to explore the discrepancy.ReferencesHeathfield, S.M. 360 Degree Feedback: Th e Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Retrieved August 1, 2006, from http://humanresources.about.com/od/360feedback/a/360feedback_3.htmWikipedia. (2006). 360 Degree Feedback. Retrieved August 1, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360-degree_feedback

Bad Habits: Attitudes of Filipinos That Need to Change Essay

1. Thoughtless When someone celebrates birthday, graduation or winning the lotto in the neighborhood, the party lasts through deep in the night, keeping neighbors awake by the noise of an out of tune videoke singer. 2. Inconsiderate Even after agreeing to meet at a certain time, some Filipinos manage to fail this initial agreement, using alibis as traffic, got caught up with something or lost in the way, disregarding the feeling of someone who just complied with agreed time. If these folks can’t fulfill simple tasks, can we trust them when it comes to, say lending them our prized books or CDs, loaning them money or anything they promise? 3. Racist Many Filipinos complain of being racially profiled (Filipinas in Middle East are easy to get or gullible) but some of us look down on other people such as Indians as fellows with strange body odor who live off through usury. Or on Chinese neighbors who own bigger stores in the market as penny-pinchers. But we can’t look at ourselves and fix our flaws. Worse, see #6. 4. Too self-conscious Wants to know who are his or her stalkers at social media. Installs ‘who are my top viewers’ application which turns out as a link to a malicious website. Wants to get everybody’s attention to the point that they post celebrity, semi-naked or suggestive profile photos 5. Religious fanaticism While admittedly deeply religious people, many of us Filipinos are also living a life of hypocricy/inconsistency. Outside of the Quiapo church are shops that sell abortion formula and the island of Siquijor becomes a haven of faith healers who practice black magic. 6. Onion skinned We easily go ballistic whenever the word Filipino is used as dark humor in a script of an American sitcom or acelebrity mocking our â€Å"presumed† perfect accent. We are quick to call for apology even if they’re all meant as a joke. That may be a reason we become a topic of humor. 7. Short-sighted Some Filipinos prefer to receive a few hundred pesos in exchange of favors to a politician running for office rather than resist temptation and bond together for a better society and governance. Poor tricycle drivers are allowed to ply on dangerous streets — risking the lives and limbs of passengers — just to earn a living. 8. Laziness When going to the market, some Filipinos prefer to take the motorized bike and pay a premium instead of a 20-minute walk — to ensure a favorite TV show will not be missed. At the end of the day they lament how a hundred peso bill could no longer be stretched. Or they spend the whole day staring at the television, sending SMS on shows that offer prizes to ‘home text partners’. 9. Gossipmonger Many Filipinos live off talking about affairs of other people. Maybe that’s because it’s a major function of the Filipino culture. Who impregnated a neighbor’s teenage daughter? A barrio councilor has bad breathe. The baby of a close friend has a striking resemblance of the family driver. No wonder many families are broken, trust lost and friendships gone awry because of people trying to get in the way. 10. Undisciplined Pass laws that are easily broken: no smoking on jeepneys, no jaywalking on streets, picking flowers in the park or peeing on fences, trees or truck tires. Even wearing prescribed attire (‘please wear semi-formal wear’) when attending wedding ceremonies becomes a task difficult to. When we’re overseas we find it necessary to follow rules, but we seem to take our country and its simple laws for granted. 11. Crab Mentality Once a fledgling banana cue business becomes the talk of the barrio, everyone is riding the bandwagon and put up the same business. Eventually, every single banana cue business in the neighborhood fails and shuts down operation. If someone gets promoted at work, some Filipinos are good at making up stories; did he date the supervisor? Did she sleep with the manager? It also exists in the form of protectionism. Insecurity or lack of creativity drives this attitude. 12. Nepotism A bright yet not well-connected job applicant never gets the job position because it was reserved for a family member of an incumbent official or a reward for supporters of a candidate who just won in the elections. A well-connected passenger gets the airport’s special lane while hard-working OFWs sweat it out on a long line. 13. Freebie hunters Some Filipinos have got the nerve to crash into wedding parties uninvited or show up at a birthday party because they were brought along by a friend of an invited friend. They enjoy free electricity supply through illegal connections or enjoying a bonanza of free water from busted pipes instead of reporting the apparent waste or scarce resources. Often visits the house of a balikbayan/OFW who just arrived and ask — they don’t wait — for presents. 14. Allegiance by convenience. Filipino politicians often change parties not because they found a better principled group, but to gain something — power, money or fame. When momentum shifts, be prepared to jump ship and switch loyalty. Read their biographies and be not surprised they’ve been into various alliances with no real accomplishment to show. 15. Rarely punctual Appointments are never meant to be on time as many Filipinos make it a habit of not making it on time. Meetings, parties, and so on. Teachers didn’t lack the motivation to make us punctual as tardy ones were meted with appropriate punishment. Shall we blame others for this? Traffic congestion, slow jeepney driver, hard to find location, ‘I was robbed’, and others in an endless list of alibis and excuses. 16. Propensity for ‘good time’ Gathering of friends isn’t bad. But if it always meant 20 bottles of hard liquor meant to be consumed overnight, that’s something. Just got the job? Let’s celebrate and have a drink. Just got the paycheck, let’s have a drink. When someone starts reminding them to be frugal and slow down on alcohol spending, they reason out, â€Å"it’s my money, you have no business interfering†, â€Å"this is just once in a while† or â€Å"I need to drink to forget my problems†. Yeah, right. 17. Treat OFWs as ATMs Some Filipinos are overly dependent on relatives working overseas that they don’t look for jobs or don’t attend classes because they are in â€Å"abundant supply of financial aid†. Worse, money remittance from OFWs are often spent only on luxuries like mobile phones and jewelry they can brag to friends. In many cases, nothing was allocated for savings or investment. When OFWs come home, families find it hard to explain where money was spent.

Lessons for Undercover Bosses Essay

Managers are the effective players in the field of organizational behavior. They are tasked with learning how individuals, groups, and structure define their organization’s culture and how to create a culture that improves the company’s effectiveness and success (Robbins and Judge, 10). Effective managers must be excellent communicators and great human resource managers, which means they must know their employee’s needs (Robbins and Judge, 8-9). In order to understand the organization’s culture, the manager (or executive) must get to know the structure, groups, and individuals within their organization. When a manager â€Å"walks around† and meets those within the organization they’re managing, they can better understand their needs and are learning about problems and concerns within their organization firsthand (Rama, Sashith & Subrahmanyam). In management by walking around (MBWA), interpersonal contact is made, open appreciation is developed, and managers lead by displaying civility and rewarding performance (Rama, Sashith & Subrahmanyam). Helping employees balance work-life conflicts is a major complication in today’s working world (Robbins and Judge, 21), but the manager cannot understand the barriers to the balance of work and life if they do not communicate with the employees and their day-to-day jobs. Creating a positive work environment is another crucial element in the culture of the comp any (Robbins and Judge, 22); this element cannot be understood without understanding the people and their desires. Many times, a manager can learn the â€Å"emotional temperature† of a room and find employees  who are angry, upset, or simply stressed, which are all problems to be addressed and resolved (Managing). MBWA gives managers a way to relieve day-to-day conflicts before they become organizational problems. Question #2 While many workers prefer not to be micromanaged by their managers, research studies have indicated that regular attention from supervisors interacting with employees can actually improve work productivity. One of the most famous studies of this phenomenon unveiled the Hawthorne Effect. Back in the 1920’s Harvard researchers conducted a research study in the Hawthorne Works plant to determine if different amounts of lighting improved worker productivity. They found a correlation between increased lighting and worker productivity. However, when they turned down the lighting, worker productivity also strangely increased. According to an Industrial Management article by Chris Porter (2012) entitled â€Å"The Hawthorne Effect Today,† they uncovered that worker productivity had nothing to do with lighting, but instead the fact that workers were monitored and supervised on a regular basis contributed to their increase in productivity (p. 11). As the Hawthorne Effect indicates, workers appreciate the fact that their supervisors regularly spend time with their teams and the payoff has been demonstrated to result in increased productivity for the firm. According to Porter (2012), â€Å"management can apply psychological motivation techniques to modern processes to improve productivity, reduce defects and establish a culture for continuous improvement (p. 11). By establishing a culture with active supervision, everything becomes more team oriented and more can be accomplished (p.15).† Workers knowing that their leaders spend time interacting with the team creates stronger teams. Therefore, knowing that top executives routinely interact with line employees has been demonstrated to have a positive impact on worker attitudes toward the organization. Question #3 Certainly one way for executives and organizational leaders to learn about daily business operations is the practice of management by walking around and to a more extreme level would be going â€Å"undercover†. The one characteristic from both of these approaches that stands out is the interpersonal relationships that are developed between front line workers  and the executive team. Fostering positive social relationships in the work environment leads to more open channels of communication. By creating a more non threating work environment, the need for someone to go â€Å"undercover† would be eliminated and would promote the importance of bottom up communication within the organization. Another example for executives to use would be to schedule staff meetings with the front line workers and allowing them to have a forum to voice the challenges and opportunities that they see on a day-to day basis. This method of management promotes employee engagement within the comp any. A more indirect approach for executives to use would be to conduct employee surveys and/or use questionnaires. This approach allows the employees to remain anonymous and give more honest feedback on issues and concerns that they experience on a daily basis. Question #4 Obviously, compared to desk-bound approach to management, â€Å"management by walking around† (MBWA) helps managers to understand what bottom managers and staffs do every day (Robbins and Judge, 8). This is the kind of strong relationship between managers and staff which helps contribute to the effectiveness of the whole organization, as well as understanding individuals, groups, the working environment and the organization’s culture. By knowing the skills needed for a job, the time to work available, and the problems happening in the front line, managers easily make some human resource decisions. However, there are also some questions concerning MBWA. It is dangerous if managers use too much time discovering whether or not people are doing things correctly. Otherwise, taking a longer time to communicate or walking through staffs’ offices will cause an impression that the manager is loafing, and people may feel they are being watched. MBWA is about building relat ionships, not micro-managing people. Just monitoring is not helpful for effectiveness of work. If a manager spots something of concern, then he or she should address this with the team manager separately. It is vital that employees do not feel that they need to always be on their best behavior, or the activity will be a waste of time (Lop). If a manager wanders round very occasionally, it will engender the view that the manager is bored or has simply been instructed in the action. To solve the problem that MBWA  leads employees to feel they are being spied on, managers should take some actions to minimize these concerns. First, do not spend too much time on one person, which makes him feel different from others. Try to spend roughly the same amount of time — not necessarily all in the same day or even the same week, but over the long run — with each person who reports to you (Lop). Second, ask for suggestions and recognize good ideas. Ask each employee for his or her thoughts about how to improve products, processes, sales, or service. Last, do not criticize; instead, make a note of it and address the problem at another time and in another setting (Lop). Works Cited ‘Management by walking around’: 3 tips. (2014). Managing People at Work, 1(8), 1. Lop, P. (2011). The Pros and Cons of Management by Wandering around. http://www.insidebusiness360.com/index.php/the-pros-and-cons-of-management-by-wandering-around-6174/#sourcesAndCitations Porter, C. (2012). The Hawthorne effect today. Industrial Management, 54(3), 10-15. Rama Mohan, D.D., Sathish Kumar, S. S., & Subrahmanyam, G.G. (2013). Management by Walking Around: An Effective Tool for Day-to-Day Operations of Hospital. UIP Journal of Operations Management, 12(1), 58-61. Robbins, S. & Judge, T. (2013). Organizational Behavior, 15th Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Human Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Psychology - Essay Example As a result, modern psychology is an amalgam of stances, theories and perspective that supplement or contradict each other. Functional psychology or functionalism is a broad psychological school that became popular in the early decades of 20th century. Advocates of functional approach focused on the active (functional) adaptation of human consciousness to the environment (Vandenbos, 2006). Functional psychology relied on the work of William James, a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher, and the evolutionary theory developed of Charles Darwin. The primary concern of functionalists was to understand how the human mind and consciousness functions. Functionalists believed that this could be done via introspection: "Functionalists studied the mind not from the standpoint of its composition-its mental elements of structure-but rather as a conglomerate or accumulation of functions and processes that lead to practical consequences in the real world" (Schultz, & Schultz, 2008, p.145). As a result, functionalists rejected the traditional positivist philosophy of experimental research and advocated the potential of rational thought being concerned with the capability of the mind and practical value of psychological research. The essence of functional psychology was articulated by John Dewey, the brightest representative of functionalism, in his "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" (1896). Dewey criticized the notion of elementarism and atomism that dominated early psychology. His criticism also covered the emerging school of behaviorism with its stimulus-response theory (Dewey, 1964). Although functional psychology failed to become a formal school, the concepts and principles formulated by representatives of this approach contributed greatly to the development of behavioral psychology (Schultz, & Schultz, 2008). An essential contribution of functionalism was recognition of the validity of research involving animals, children and people with psychiatric disabilities. Yet the most important contribution of functionalism to contemporary psychological practice was introduction of novel research methods and techniques such as mental tests, questionnaires and physiological measures (Biro, & Shahan, 1982). T his legacy continues to play critically important role in modern psychological practice. Behaviorism The origins of behaviorist perspective, a theory successfully applied in modern psychological practice can be traced back to John Watson (1878 - 1958) whom was the first theorist to formulate the principles of modern behaviorism. The school of behaviorism embraces hundreds of theories, practices, and trends that have emerged over several decades. However, the underlying feature of any behaviorist theory or concept is the emphasis on external influences on behavior and motivation that are viewed as the most critical aspect of understanding the inner world of human beings. Thus, Wilfred Sellars (1963), an outstanding philosopher of the last century whom witnessed emergence development and decline of behaviorism noted "a person may qualify as a behaviorist, loosely or attitudinally speaking, if they insist on confirming hypotheses about psychological events in terms of behavioral